Outcomes Literature Library

This specialty pharmacy library is a compilation of literature related to the practice of specialty pharmacy or outcomes of patients prescribed specialty medications. This resource is updated quarterly by the members of the Section of Specialty Pharmacy Practitioners (SSPP) Outcomes and Value SAG using the Pubmed search criteria “specialty pharmacy”[Title/Abstract]. The resources are categorized by the outcome measures they describe. Suggestions for articles to be included here are also welcome and may be submitted via the survey link below:

• Adherence/Persistence
• Clinical/Diagnosis Related Outcomes
• Financial Outcomes
• Quality of Care
• Specialty Pharmacy Efficiency
• Specialty Pharmacy Program Development

AJHP Article Collection Submit a publication

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Adherence/Persistence

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General Specialty

• Bagwell A., et al., Advancing Patient Care Through Specialty Pharmacy Services in an Academic Health System. J Manag Care Spec Pharm, 2017;23: 815-20. (MPR)*
• Canfield SL, Zuckerman A, Anguiano RH, et al., Navigating the Wild West of Medication Adherence Reporting in Specialty Pharmacy. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019;25:1073-1077. (MPR/PDC)*
• Kale HP, Patel AM, Carroll NV. A Comparison of Pharmacy Dispensing Channel Use and Adherence to Specialty Drugs Among Medicare Part D Beneficiaries. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2018;24:317-26. (PDC)
• Paolella D, Cherry E, Jolly JA, et al., Closing the Gap: Identifying Rates and Reasons for Nonadherence in a Specialty Population. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019;25:1282-88. (PDC)*
• Zuckerman AD, DeClercq J, Shah NB, Reynolds VW, Peter ME, Pavlik AM, Choi L. Primary medication nonadherence calculation method specifications impact resulting rates. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021 Apr 20:S1551-7411(21)00122-4. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.03.
• Kibbons AM, Moore R, Choi L, Peter M, Zuckerman AD. Individual and Community-Level Characteristics and Adherence to Specialty Medications. J Pharm Pract. Oct 7 2022:8971900221131933. doi:10.1177/08971900221131933 (PDC)
• Loucks J, Zuckerman AD, Berni A, et al. Proportion of days covered as a measure of medication adherence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021 Oct 12:10.1093/ajhp/zxab392
• St James GJ, Duckworth DL, Bochenek SH, Rhudy C, Zeltner M, Tagavi AB, Platt TL. Effect on medication adherence of applying a specialty pharmacy care model to nonspecialty medications: A quasi-experimental cohort study. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2023 Feb 6:zxad040. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad040. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36745621. (PDC)

Cardiology

• Roy A, Peterson A, Marchant N, et al. Baseline Characteristics and Secondary Medication Adherence Patterns Among Patients Receiving Tafamidis Prescriptions: A Retrospective Analysis Using a National Specialty Pharmacy Dispensing Database.
• Cystic Fibrosis
  Mehta Z, Kamal KM, Miller R et al. Adherence to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators: analysis of a national specialty pharmacy database. J Drug Assess. 2021; 10(1):62-67. (PDC)

HLD

• Donald DR, Reynolds VW, Hall N, DeClercq J, Choi L. Exploring rates of PCSK9 inhibitor persistence and reasons for treatment non-persistence in an integrated specialty pharmacy model. J Clin Lipidol. May-Jun 2022;16(3):315-324. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2022.03.

HCV

• Henderson RR, Visaria J, Bridges GG, et al., Impact of specialty pharmacy on telaprevir-containing 3-drug hepatitis C regimen persistence. J Manag Care Spec Pharm, 2014; 20: 1227-34. (MPR)
• Visaria J, Frazee SG. Role of pharmacy channel in adherence to hepatitis c regimens. Am J Pharm Benefits. 2013;19:33. (PDC)

HIV

• Barnes E, Zhao J, Giumenta, et al., The Effect of an Integrated Health System Specialty Pharmacy on HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence, Viral Suppression, and CD4 Count in an Outpatient Infectious Disease Clinic. J Manag Care Spec Pharm, 2020; 26:95-102. (MPR)*

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

• Shah NB, Haydek J, Slaughter J, et al., Risk factors for medication nonadherence to self-injectable biologic therapy in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2020; 26: 314-20.
• Near AM, Burudpakdee C, Effect of a Patient Support Program for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients on Medication Persistence: A Retrospective Database Analysis. Adv Ther. 2021;38:3888-99.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

• Shah NB, Haydek J, Slaughter J, et al., Risk Factors for Medication Nonadherence to Self-Injectable Biologic Therapy in Adult Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2020; 26: 314-20. (MPR)*

Multiple Sclerosis

• Banks AM, Peter ME, Holder GM, et al., Adherence to Disease-Modifying Therapies at a Multiple Sclerosis Clinic: The Role of the Specialty Pharmacist. J Pharm Pract. 2020;33:605-11. (MPR/PDC)*
• Hanson RL, Habibi M, Khamo N, et al., Integrated clinical and specialty pharmacy practice model for management of patients with multiple sclerosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2014; 71: 463-9. (MPR)*
• Tan H, Yu J, Tabby D, et al., Clinical and economic impact of a specialty care management program among patients with multiple sclerosis: a cohort study. Mult Scler, 2010; 16; 956-63. (MPR)
• Kozlicki MZ, Markley B, Shah NB, DeClercq J, Choi L, Zuckerman AD. A cross-sectional analysis of persistence to disease-modifying therapies in treatment naive and experienced patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis at a health-system specialty pharmacy
• Lager B, Liseno J, Bozin I, et al. Real-World Analysis Affirms the High Persistence and Adherence Observed with Diroximel Fumarate in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Ther. Nov 5 2022;doi:10.1007/s40120-022-00413-0
• Liseno J, Lager B, Miller C, et al. Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated With Diroximel Fumarate in the Real-World Setting Have High Rates of Persistence and Adherence. Neurol Ther. 2021;10(1):349-360. doi:10.1007/s40120-021-0024. (PDC)

Neurology

• Livezey SN, Shah NB, DeClercq J, et al. Droxidopa management by an integrated health-system specialty pharmacy team. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). Nov-Dec 2022;62(6):1904-1911. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.06.002
• Barnes JP, Dial H, Owens W, DeClercq J, Choi L, Shah NB, Zuckerman AD, Johnson K. Adherence and discontinuation of prescription cannabidiol for the management of seizure disorders at an integrated care center. Epilepsy Res. 2024 Feb;200:107300. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107300. Epub 2024 Jan 12. (PDC)

Oncology

• Rodday AM, Hackenyos D, Masood R, et al. Assessment of patients' understanding of and adherence to oral anticancer medication (OAM): results of a corss-sectional institutional pilot study. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2021 Oct;27(7):1569-77.
• Academia EC, Mejias-De Jesus CM, Stevens JS, et al. Adherence to oral oncolytic filled through an internal health-system specialty pharmacy compared with external specialty pharmacies. J Manag Car Spec Pharm 2021 Oct (10):1438-46. (MPR/PDC)
• Middendorff G, Elsey R, Lounsbery B, et al., Impact of a specialty pharmacy case management service on adherence in patients receiving oral antineoplastic agents. J Oncol Pharm Pract, 2018;24:371-78. (MPR)*
• Neuner JM, Fergestrom NM, Laud PW, et al., The association of pharmacy fill synchronization with breast cancer endocrine therapy adherence. Oncology. 2019 Nov 15;125:3960-65. (MPR)*
• Tschida S, Aslam S, Lal LS, et al., Outcomes of a Specialty Pharmacy Program for Oral Oncology Medications. The American Journal of Pharmacy Benefits, 2012:4;165-74. (MPR)*
• Visaria J, Henderson R, Frazee SG, et al. Specialty Pharmacy Improves Adherence to Imatinib. The American Journal of Pharmacy Benefits, 2013;5:33-39. (PDC)

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

• Gutenschwager DW, Patel A, Soyad AT, Patel S, Szandzik EG, Kelly B, Smith ZR. Provision of ambrisentan from a health-system specialty pharmacy affiliated with a pulmonary hypertension Center of Comprehensive Care. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2024 Jan 5;81(2):66-73. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad191. (PDC)
• Shah NB, Mitchell RE, Proctor ST, et al., High rates of medication adherence in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: An integrated specialty pharmacy approach. PLoS One, 2019; 14: e0217798. (PDC)*

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Berger N, Peter M, DeClercq J, et al., Rheumatoid arthritis medication adherence in a health system specialty pharmacy. Am J Manag Care, 2020; 26(12):e380-e387. (PDC)*
• Calip GS, Adimadhyam S, Xing S, et al., Medication adherence and persistence over time with self-administered TNF-alpha inhibitors among young adult, middle-aged, and older patients with rheumatologic conditions. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2017; 47: 157-64. (MPR)
• Doshi JA, Pengxiang LI, Ladage VP, et al., Impact of cost sharing on specialty drug utilization and outcomes: a review of the evidence and future directions. Am J Manag Care, 2016;22:188-97. (PDC)
• Liu Y, Yang M, Chao J, et al., Greater refill adherence to adalimumab therapy for patients using specialty versus retail pharmacies. Adv Ther. 2010 Aug; 27:523-32. (MRA)*
• Stockl KM, Shin JS, Lew HC, et al., Outcomes of a rheumatoid arthritis disease therapy management program focusing on medication adherence. J Manag Care Pharm, 2010;16:593-604. (MPR/PDC)
• Peter ME, Zuckerman AD, DeClercq J, et al. Adherence and persistence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis at an integrated health system specialty pharmacy. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2021 July; 27(7):882-90. (PDC)

Psoriatic Arthritis

• Souza AF, Da Silva MR, Dos Santos JB, et al. Medication adherence and persistence of psoriatric arthritis patients treated with biological therapy in a specialty pharmacy in Brazil: a prospective observational study. Pharm Prac (Granada). Apr-Jun 2021;19(2):2312.

Transplant

• Hlubocky JM, Stuckey LJ, Schuman AD, et al., Evaluation of a transplantation specialty pharmacy program. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2012;69:340-7. (CMA)*
• Tschida S, Aslam S, Khan TT, et al., Managing specialty medication services through a specialty pharmacy program: the case of oral renal transplant immunosuppressant medications. J Manag Care Pharm, 2013; 19: 26-41.(MPR)

Neurogenic Hypotension

• Amjad F, Polenchar B, Favit A. Droxidopa persistence in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension may be affected by titration approach. Int J Gen Med. 2021 Aug 13;14:4485-90.

*Performed by a health-system specialty pharmacy

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Clinical/Diagnosis-Related Outcomes

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General Specialty

• Fitzpatrick C, Kantoris C, Giavatto C, Medina AL, Mourani J, Hardin B, Torres HM, Skrtic A, Rosa E. Clinical dashboard development and implementation to standardize data capture and reporting across health-system specialty pharmacies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2024 Feb 20:zxae043. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxae043. Epub ahead of print.*
• Patel K, Chim YL, Grant J, et al., Development and Implementation of Clinical Outcome Measures for Automated Collection Within Specialty Pharmacy Practice. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2020; 26(7): 901 -909. *

Cystic Fibrosis

• Roder L, Simonsen M, Fitzpatrick L, He J, Loucks J. Impact of pharmacy services on time to elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor initiation. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. Sep 2022;28(9):989-996. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.9.989 *
• Watanabe AH, Willis C, Ragsdale R, Biskupiak J, Moore K, Brixner D, Young D. Patient Perspectives on the Use of Digital Technology to Help Manage Cystic Fibrosis. Pulm Med. 2023 Jan 23;2023:5082499. doi: 10.1155/2023/5082499. PMID: 36727045; PMCID: PMC9886457. *

Hematology

• Katsivalis KV, Thomas J.  Caplacizumab for Acute Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2021;12(2):211-215. doi:10.6004/jadpro.2021.12.2.8. *
• Wu HW, Gannon M, Hsu LL. Evaluation of Glutamine Utilization in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. Aug 8 2022;doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000002519 *
• Wu Y, Sun SX, Fan T. Comparison of Real-World Dose and Consumption for Two Extended Half-Life Recombinant Factor VIII Products for the Treatment of Hemophilia A in the United States. J Blood Med. 2022;13:517-524. doi:10.2147/JBM.S359510 *

Hemophilia

• Blankenship CS, Tortella BJ, Bruno M. BE EMPOWERED, a specialty pharmacy education program for hemophilia B patients, impacts adult joint bleeds and pediatric use of RICE.. J Manag Care Pharm, 2014; 20:151-8.
• D'Albini L, Dorholt M, Gallucci L. Optimizing maintenance dosing of emicizumab-kxwh as prophylaxis in hemophilia A: Dosing to product labeling while minimizing drug waste. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2023 Jan;29(1):47-57. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2023.29.1.47. PMID: 36580124.

HCV

• Cohen SM, Kwasny MJ, Ahn J. Use of specialty care versus standard retail pharmacies for treatment of hepatitis C, Ann Pharmacother, 2009;43:202-9.
• Cooper MP, Foley H, Damico D, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis C outcomes at a health-system specialty pharmacy. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. Jun 2022;28(6):667-672. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.6.667 *
• Curry MP, Flamm SL, Milligan S, et al. Prevalence of drug-drug interactions with pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C and real-world care management in the United States: a retrospective observational study. Am J Manag Care, 2021 Jun 9; 1-10. *
• Koren DE, Zuckerman A, Teply R, et al., Expanding Hepatitis C Virus Care and Cure: National Experience Using a Clinical Pharmacist-Driven Model. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019; July 1;6(7):ofz316. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofz316. *
• Sabourin AA, Fisher-Grant KK, Saulles AR, Mohammad RA. Evaluation of a specialty hepatitis C virus telephone pharmacy service. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(Supplement_2):S38-S45. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa423 *
• Zaephel M, Cristofaro L, Trawinski A, et al., Evaluation of a hepatitis c patient management program at a university specialty pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother, 2017; 51: 307-314. *
• Zuckerman A, Douglas A, Nwosu S, et al., Increasing success and evolving barriers in the hepatitis C cascade of care during the direct acting antiviral era. PLoS One, 2018; 13: e0199174. *

HIV

• Barnes E, Zhao J, Giumenta A. et al., The Effect of an Integrated Health System Specialty Pharmacy on HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence, Viral Suppression, and CD4 Count in an Outpatient Infectious Disease Clinic. J Manag Care Spec Pharm, 2020; 26: 95-102. *
• Gilbert EM, Gerzenshtein L. Integration of outpatient infectious diseases clinic pharmacy services and specialty pharmacy services for patients with HIV infection. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016;73:757-63. *
• Hickey MD, Grochowski J, Mayorga-Munoz F, et al. Identifying Implementation Determinants and Strategies for Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir-Rilpivirine in People with HIV Who Are Virally Unsuppressed. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2024 Mar 27. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003421. Epub ahead of print.

LDL

• Avlasevich V, Pilat S, Reindel K, Manou K, Trawinski A, Rightmier E. Optimal follow-up schedule for patients taking PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies in a health system: Analysis of specialty pharmacy clinical interventions. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2024 Feb 13:zxae033. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxae033. Epub ahead of print.*
• Atanda A, Shapiro NL, Stubbings J, et al., Implementation of a New Clinic-Based, Pharmacist-Managed PCSK9 Inhibitor Consultation Service. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2017;23:918-25.
• Reynolds VW, Chinn ME, Jolly JA, et al., Integrated specialty pharmacy yields high PCSK9 inhibitor access and initiation rates. J Clin Lipidol, 2019;13:254-64. *

Multiple Sclerosis

• El-Khouri AC, Giavatto C, Hickman A, et al. Health-system specialty pharmacist intervention types, acceptance, and associated actions for patients with multiple sclerosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2024 Jan 31:zxae024. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxae024.*
• Habibi M, Kuttab HM. Management of multiple sclerosis and the integration of related specialty pharmacy programs within health systems. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2016;73:811-9. *
• Tan H, Yu J, Tabby D, et al., Clinical and economic impact of a specialty care management program among patients with multiple sclerosis: a cohort study. Mult Scler, 2010;16: 956-63.
• Tang J, Bailey J, Chang C, et al., Effects of Specialty Pharmacy Care on Health Outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2016;9:420-29. *

Neurology

• Dial H, Owens W, DeClercq J, et al. Prescription cannabidiol for seizure disorder management: Initial drug-drug interaction management by specialty pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Sep 7 2022;79(18):1592-1598. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac155 *

Oncology

• Fajardo S, Zook F, Dotson E. Specialty pharmacy for hematologic malignancies. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2016;73:797-809. *
• Jacobs R, Lu X, Emond B, Morrison L, et al. Time to next treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia initiating first-line ibrutinib or acalabrutinib. Future Oncol. 2024 Jan;20(1):39-53. doi: 10.2217/fon-2023-0436. Epub 2023 Jul 21.*
• Virani A, Schlei Z, Gleason C, et al. Impact of an Oncology Clinical Pharmacist Specialist in an Outpatient Multiple Myeloma Clinic. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2020; 20(9):e543-e546. *
• Wang G, Havan T, Dang R. Impact of a pharmacist-led hypertension management program for oral chemotherapy in a specialty pharmacy setting. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2021 Nov 5; Online ahead of print.

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

• Shah NB, Mitchell RE, Proctor ST, et al., High rates of medication adherence in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: An integrated specialty pharmacy approach. PLoS One, 2019; 14: e0217798. *
• Balasubramanian VP, Safdar Z, Sketch MR, et al. Real-world dosing characteristics and utilization of parenteral treprostinil in the outpatient setting. Pulm Circ. Jan 2022;12(1):e12016. doi:10.1002/pul2.12016
• Shapiro S, Mandras S, Restrepo-Jaramillo R, et al. Survival and drug persistence in patients receiving inhaled treprostinil at doses greater than 54 mcg (nine breaths) four times daily. Pulm Circ. 2021 Oct 29;11(4): Oct-Dec.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Stockl KM, Schin JS, Lew HC, et al., Outcomes of a rheumatoid arthritis disease therapy management program focusing on medication adherence. J Manag Care Pharm, 2010; 16: 593-604.

Transplant

• Hlubocky JM, Stuckey LJ, Schuman AD, et al., Evaluation of a transplantation specialty pharmacy program. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2012;69:340-7. *

*Performed by a health-system specialty pharmacy

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Financial Outcomes

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Out of Pocket Costs

• Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
  Shah NB, Mitchell RE, Proctor ST, et al., High rates of medication adherence in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: An integrated specialty pharmacy approach. PLoS One, 2019; 14: e0217798. *
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
  Berger N, Peter M, DeClercq J, et al., Rheumatoid arthritis medication adherence in a health system specialty pharmacy. Am J Manag Care, 2020; 26(12):e380-e387. *
• Oncology
  NiccolaI JL, Roman DL, Julius JM, et al., Potential Obstacles in the Acquisition of Oral Anticancer Medications. J Oncol Pract. 2017;13:e29-e36. *
  
  Goldsberry WN, Summerlin SS, Guyton A, et al. The financial burden of PARP inhibitors on patients, payors, and financial assistance programs: Who bears the cost?. Gynecol Oncol. 2021;160(3):800-804. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.12.039. *
  
  Jeong AY, Schwartz EB, Roman AR, et al. Characterizing out-of-pocket payments and fiancial assistance for patients prescribed abiraterone and enzalutamide at an academic cancer center specialty pharmacy. JCO Oncol Prac 2021 Sep 7: doi: 10.1200/OP.21.00168. Online ahead of print. *
  
  Seymour EK, Daniel L, Pointer E, et al. How to effectively decrease patient co-payments of high-cost drugs through innovation: lessons from the Karmanos specialty pharmacy. JCO Oncol Pract. 2021 Aug 18: Online ahead of print.
• HIV
  Whelchel K, Zuckerman AD, DeClercqJ, et al. HIV PrEP access and affordability: a multidisciplinary specialty pharmacy model. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2021 Nov 25:S1544-3101. Online ahead of print. *

Treatment Related Costs

• General Specialty
  Lopata E, Terrone C, Gopalan A, Ladikos N, Richardson T. Meeting the affordability challenges posed by orphan drugs: a survey of payers, providers, and employers. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2021;27(6):706-713. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2021.20553
• HCV
  Chamorro-de-vega E, Rodriguez-Gonzales CG, Gimenez-Manzorro A, et al., Hepatitis C virus infection and the role of a pharmaceutical care program. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2020; 77: 479-86. *
• Multiple Sclerosis
  Moghavem N, Castañeda GDR, Chatfield AJ, Amezcua L. The impact of medical insurance on health care access and quality for people with multiple sclerosis in the United States: A scoping review. Mult Scler. 2024 Mar;30(3):299-307. doi: 10.1177/13524585231197275. Epub 2023 Sep 12.
  
  Tan H, Yu J, Tabby D, et al., Clinical and economic impact of a specialty care management program among patients with multiple sclerosis: a cohort study. Mult Scler, 2010;16: 956-63.

• Rheumatoid Arthritis
  Barlow JF, Faris RJ, Wang W, et al., Impact of Specialty Pharmacy on Treatment Costs for Rheumatoid Arthritis. The American Journal of Pharmacy Benefits, 2012;4:49-56.
  Berger N, Peter M, DeClercq J, et al., Rheumatoid arthritis medication adherence in a health system specialty pharmacy. Am J Manag Care, 2020; 26(12):e380-e387. *
• Transplant
  Hlubocky JM, Stuckey LJ, Schuman AD, et al., Evaluation of a transplantation specialty pharmacy program. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2012; 69: 340-7. *
  Tschida S, Aslam S, Khan TT, et al., Managing specialty medication services through a specialty pharmacy program: the case of oral renal transplant immunosuppressant medications. J Manag Care Pharm. 2013;19:26-41.
• Oncology
  Ferano JL, Kandah HM. Targeting Financial Toxicity in Oncology Specialty Pharmacy at a Large Tertiary Academic Medical Center. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019l;25: 765-769. *
  
  Chehrazi-Raffle A, Dorff TB. Characterizing Out-of-Pocket Payments and Financial Assistance for Patients Prescribed Abiraterone and Enzalutamide at an Academic Cancer Center Specialty Pharmacy. JCO Oncol Pract. Feb 2022;18(2):97-98. doi:10.1200/OP.21.0057

Total Healthcare Costs

• Oncology
  Lankford C, Dura J, Tran A et al. Effect of clinical pharmacist interventions on cost in an integrated health system specialty pharmacy. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2021; 27(3):379-384. *
  
  Tschida S, Aslam S, Khan TT et al. Managing specialty medication services through a specialty pharmacy program: the case of oral renal transplant immunosuppressant medications. J Manag Care Pharm, 2013; 19:26-41.
• Transplant
  Tschida S, Aslam S, Khan TT et al. Managing specialty medication services through a specialty pharmacy program: the case of oral renal transplant immunosuppressant medications. J Manag Care Pharm, 2013; 19:26-41.

Drug Spending
Doshi, JA et al., Impact of cost sharing on specialty drug utilization and outcomes: a review of the evidence and future directions. Am J Manag Care, 2016; 22: 188-97.

Kay J, Chimonas S, Ohn J, Chen J, Melton R, Kaltenboeck A. Value-based management of specialty drugs: practical considerations and implications for pharmacy. Am J Manag Care. 2021;27(5):195-200. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2021.88633 

Medication Cost

Penington R, Stubbings JA. Evaluation of Specialty Drug Price Trends Using Data from Retrospective Pharmacy Sales Transactions. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2016; 22: 1010-7. (cost)

Tschida S, et al., Managing specialty medication services through a specialty pharmacy program: the case of oral renal transplant immunosuppressant medications. J Manag Care Pharm, 2013; 19: 26-41.

Financial Assistance

• General Specialty
  Wong WB, Jinnett K. Patient perspectives and use of copayment assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. Apr 28 2022:1-7. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2022.21343
• HCV
  Zhu J, Jazen RJ, Joyce C, et al., Local specialty pharmacy and specialty clinic collaboration assists access to hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2018;58:89-93.
• Multiple Sclerosis
  Brouwer E, Yeung K, Barthold D, Hansen R. Characterizing patient assistance program use and patient responsiveness to specialty drug price for multiple sclerosis in a mid-size integrated health system. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2021;27(6):732-742. doi:10.1. *
  
  Whetstone M, Reichard J, Sigmon S. Impact of specialty pharmacy taking ownership of the prior authorization process of multiple sclerosis specialty medications to increase access to infusible disease-modifying therapy (DMT). Journal of Drug Assessment, 2019; 8: 26-26. *
• Oncology
  Geynisman DM, Meeker Cr, Doyle JL, et al., Provider and patient burdens of obtaining oral anticancer medications. Am J Manag Care, 2018; 24: e128-e33. *
  
  Ragavan MV, Swartz S, Clark M, et al. Access to Financial Assistance Programs and Their Impact on Overall Spending on Oral Anticancer Medications at an Integrated Specialty Pharmacy. JCO Oncol Pract. 2024 Feb;20(2):291-299. doi: 10.1200/OP.23.00446. Epub 2024 Jan 4.

Revenue

• Rim MH, Smith L, Kelly M. Implementation of a patient-focused specialty pharmacy program in an academic healthcare system. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2016; 73: 831-8. *
• Elchehimi S, Blackwell J, Mohiuddin S, Bajaj P. Impact of pharmacist-driven referral to increase specialty pharmacy prescription capture. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2024 Mar 21:zxae070. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxae070. Epub ahead of print.

Economic Cost in Pharmacy

• De Rijdt T, Ludo Willems L, Simoens S. Economic effects of clinical pharmacy interventions: A literature review. Am J Health System Pharm. 2008; 65:1161-1172. *
• Allergy
  Blaiss MS, Meadows JA, Yu S, et al. Economic burden of peanut allergy in pediatric patients with evidence of reactions to peanuts in the United States. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2021 Apr;27(4):516-27.

*Performed by a health-system specialty pharmacy

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Quality of Care

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Medication Errors

• HCV
  Chamorro-de-vega E, Rodriguez-Gonzalez CG, Gimenez-Manzorro A, et al., Hepatitis C virus infection and the role of a pharmaceutical care program. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2020;77:479-86. *
  
  Huntley M, McCall K, Stickney K, Gelinas A, Levesque E. Avoidance of drug interactions with hepatitis C treatment: Evaluation of pharmacist interventions in the specialty setting. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). Sep-Oct 2022;62(5):1671-1674. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2
  
  Gazda NP, Vest TA, Peek GK, Eckel SF. A new perspective: Practice-enhancing publications about the medication-use process in ambulatory care in 2020. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Sep 22 2022;79(19):1697-1727. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac177

Quality of Life

• Hemophilia
  Blankenship CS, Tortella BJ, Bruno M. BE EMPOWERED, a specialty pharmacy education program for hemophilia B patients, impacts adult joint bleeds and pediatric use of RICE. J Manag Care Pharm, 2014;20:151-8.

Satisfaction Surveys

• General Specialty
  Anguiano RH, Zuckerman AD, Hall E, et al. Comparison of provider satisfaction with specialty pharmacy services in integrated health-system and external practice models: A multisite survey. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(11):962-971. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxab. *
• HCV
  Chamorro-de-vega E, Rodriguez-Gonzales CG, Gimenez-Manzorro A, et al., Hepatitis C virus infection and the role of a pharmaceutical care program. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2020; 77: 479-86. *
• HIV
  Lutz S, Heberling M, Goodlet KJ. Patient perspectives of pharmacists prescribing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: A survey of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2021;61(2):e75-e79. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2020.09.020. *
  
• Oncology
  Dennison T, Deal AM, Foster M, Valgus J, Muluneh B. A Pharmacist-Led Oral Chemotherapy Program's Impact on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patient Satisfaction, Adherence, and Outcomes. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2021;12(2):148-157. doi:10.6004/jadpro.2021.12.2.3. *
• Transplant
  Hlubocky JM, Stuckey LJ, Schuman AD, et al., Evaluation of a transplantation specialty pharmacy program. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2012; 69: 340-7. *

Treatment Initiation Rate

• Reynolds VW, Chinn ME, Jolly JA, et al., Integrated specialty pharmacy yields high PCSK9 inhibitor access and initiation rates. J Clin Lipidol, 2019; 13: 254-64. *

Safety Monitoring

• Carmichel J, Meier J, Robinson A, et al., Leveraging electronic medical record data for population health management in the Veterans Health Administration: Successes and lessons learned. Am J Health System Pharm. 2017:74(18):1447-59. *
• Hanson RL, Gannon MJ, Khamo N, et al., Improvement in safety monitoring of biologic response modifiers after the implementation of clinical care guidelines by a specialty pharmacy service in an academic health system. J Manag Care Pharm,2013; 9:49-67. *
• Stubbings J, Joshi RA, Hoffman JM. Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies: challenges and opportunities for health-system pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010; 67: 1547-54. *
• Quiroga LC, Sabourin AA. Review of Dual Biologics in Specialty Pharmacy Practice. Ann Pharmacother. 2023 Jan 4:10600280221135177. doi: 10.1177/10600280221135177. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36600576.

Transition of Care

• Gormley L, Mullins C, Sylvia LM. Implementation of a Synergistic, Complementary Pharmacy Practice Model for an Advanced Heart Failure/Heart Transplant Program. J Pharm Pract. 2024 Feb;37(1):17-26. doi: 10.1177/08971900221104257. Epub 2022 May 22.

*Performed by a health-system specialty pharmacy

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Specialty Pharmacy Efficiency

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Call Center Metrics

• Kappenman AM, Ragsdale R, Rim MH, et al., Implementation of a centralized mail-order pharmacy service, Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019; 1: S74-S78.
• Rim MH, Thomas KC, Chandramouli J, et al., Implementation and quality assessment of a pharmacy services call center for outpatient pharmacies and specialty pharmacy services in an academic health system. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75:633-41. *

Fill Rate

• Kappenman AM, Ragsdale R, Rim MH, et al., Implementation of a centralized mail-order pharmacy service, Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019; 1: S74-S78.

Prior Authorizations

• General Specialty
  Cutler T, Yifan S, Barca J, et al. Impact of Pharmacy Intervention on Prior Authorization Success and Efficiency at a University Medical Center. J Manag Care Spec Pharm, 2016;22(10):1167-1171. *
  
  Martin MT, Telebak E, Taylor PA, et al., Development of a specialty medication prior-authorization service at an urban academic medical center. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016;1: 1174-9. *
  
  Rim MH, Smith L, Kelly M. Implementation of a patient-focused specialty pharmacy program in an academic healthcare system. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2016; 73: 831-8. *
  
  Rim MH, Thomas KC, Barrus SA, et al. Analyzing the costs of developing and operating an integrated health-system specialty pharmacy: The case of a centralized insurance navigation process for specialty clinic patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(11): *
  
  Choi D, Lawando A, Lach MK. Health-system specialty pharmacies do the heavy lifting for hospital electronic medication prior authorizations. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Aug 19 2022;79(17):1405-1406. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac134
  
  Jones LK, Ladd IG, Gregor C, et al. Evaluating implementation outcomes (acceptability, adoption, and feasibility) of two initiatives to improve the medication prior authorization process. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021 Nov 20;21(1):1259

• Dermatology
  Hecht B, Frey C, Holland W, et al. Analysis of prior authorization success and timeliness at a community-based specialty care pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc 2021;61:s173-7.
• Oncology
  Geynisman DM, Meeker Cr, Doyle JL, et al., Provider and patient burdens of obtaining oral anticancer medications. Am J Manag Care, 2018; 24: e128-e33. *
• Multiple Sclerosis
  Whetstone M, Reichard J, Sigmon S. Impact of specialty pharmacy taking ownership of the prior authorization process of multiple sclerosis specialty medications to increase access to infusible disease-modifying therapy (DMT). Journal of Drug Assessment, 2019;8:26. *

Time to Therapy

• Cystic Fibrosis
  Burrus TE, Vogt H, Pettit RS. Impact of a pharmacy technician and pharmacist on time to inhaled tobramycin therapy in a pediatric cystic fibrosis clinic. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Sep;56(9):2861-7.
• HCV
  Zhu J, Jazen RJ, Joyce C, et al., Local specialty pharmacy and specialty clinic collaboration assists access to hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals, J Am Pharm Assoc. 2018; 58: 89-93.
  Edmonds C, Carver A, DeClercq J, et al. Access to hepatitis C direct-activing antiviral therapy in hepatitis C-positive donor to hepatitis C-negative recipient solid-organ transplantation in a real-world setting. Am J Surg 2021 Sep 14: Online ahead of print.
  
  Fanizza FA, Loucks J, Berni A, Shah M, Grauer D, Daniel S. Patient Access to Hepatitis C Treatment After Incorporation of Pharmacists in a Hepatology Clinic. Hosp Pharm. Jun 2022;57(3):370-376. doi:10.1177/00185787211037540

• Neurology
  Livezey S, Shah NB, McCormick R et al. Specialty pharmacist integration into an outpatient neurology clinic improves pimavanserin access. Ment Health Clin. 2021; 11(3):187-193. *
• Oncology
  Beauchemin MP, Lichtenstein MRL, Raghunathan R, et al. Impact of a Hospital-Based Specialty Pharmacy in Partnership With a Care Coordination Organization on Time to Delivery and Receipt of Oral Anticancer Drugs. JCO Oncol Pract. Dec 6 2022:OP2200451.
• Transplant
  Gormley L, Mullins C, Sylvia LM. Implementation of a Synergistic, Complementary Pharmacy Practice Model for an Advanced Heart Failure/Heart Transplant Program. J Pharm Pract. May 22 2022:8971900221104257. doi:10.1177/08971900221104257

Turnaround Time

• General Specialty
  Gabriel MH, Kotschevar CM, Tarver D, Mastrangelo V, Pezzullo L, Campbell PJ. Specialty pharmacy turnaround time impediments, facilitators, and good practices. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. Nov 2022;28(11):1244-1251. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.11.1244
• Oncology
  Niccolai JL, Roman DL, Julius JM, Nadour RW. Potential Obstacles in the Acquisition of Oral Anticancer Medications. J Oncol Pract, 2017; 13: e29-e36.

Patient Monitoring

• General Specialty
  Platt T, Shah R. Development of a specialty pharmacy productivity benchmarking model. J Drug Assess, 2019; 8: 34. *
  
  Steen A, Franck J. Improving clinic utilization and workload capture for clinical pharmacy specialists. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020 Mar 24;77(7):552-559. *
  
• Oncology
  Achey T, Riffle AR, Rose RM, Earl M. Development of an operational productivity tool within a cancer treatment center pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018; 75(21):1736-1741.

*Performed by a health-system specialty pharmacy

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Specialty Pharmacy Program Development

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Productivity and Staffing

• Espinosa AM, Chisholm JM, Kandah HM, Kumor L, Poirier M, Taylor J. Expanding nonclinical roles in specialty pharmacy: How to grow a high-performance specialty pharmacy team. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(11):1004-1008. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxab085. *
• Patterson CJ, Best practices in specialty pharmacy management. J Manag Care Pharm, 2013; 19: 42-8. *
• Pierce G, Khamo N, Kumor L, Rim M. Virtualization and standardization of a health-system specialty pharmacy call center. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Nov 22 2022;79(Suppl 4):S115-S122. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac166 *
• Rough S, McDaniel M, Rinehart JR. Effective use of workload and productivity monitoring tools in health-system pharmacy, part 1. Am J Health System Pharm. 2010:67:300-311. *
• Rough S, McDaneil M, Rinehart JR. Effective use of workload and productivity monitoring tools in health-system pharmacy, part 2. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67:380-8.
• Sheiner L, Malinovskaya A. Measuring Productivity in Healthcare: an Analysis of the Literature. Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at Brookings. 2016 May. Published online at https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/hp-lit-review_final.pdf.
• Smith A, Zoller J, Schumock G, et al. Pharmacy staffing, workload, and productivity benchmarks in state psychiatric hospitals. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018; 75(8):536-547. *

Program Development and/or Benefit

• Bagwell A. Kelly T, Carver A, et al., Advancing Patient Care Through Specialty Pharmacy Services in an Academic Health System. J Manag Care Spec Pharm, 2017; 23: 815-20. *
• Buechel M, Friestrom E, Hartkopf K, Langley J. Implementation of telehealth for first-dose device teaching within a health-system specialty pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Sep 25 2022;doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac270
• Canfield SL. Decoding gene therapy: Current impact and future considerations for health-system and specialty pharmacy practice. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(11):953-961. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxab064. *
• Cesarz JL, Mott DA, Friestrom ED. A framework for graduate and postgraduate specialty pharmacy training. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(11):989-998. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxab086. *
• Giavatto C, Mourani J, Fitzpatrick C, et aI. Biosimilar perceptions among autoimmune prescribers and pharmacists in health system specialty pharmacy. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2024 Feb 3;30(2):175-182. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.2.175.
• Jolly JA, Pierson TJ, Pulvermacher A. Turning differentiation into value: How health-system specialty pharmacies can align to an outcomes-focused mission. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(11):1009-1014. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxab087. *
• Murray MM, Khaleq F, Wainright AE, Eivazi M, Keller J. Role of the specialty pharmacist in public health: A focus on sharps disposal [published online ahead of print, 2021 Apr 24]. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2021;S1544-3191(21)00170-9. doi:10.1016/j.japh.20. *
• Nguyen SH, Grindeland CJ, Leedahl DD. Pharmacist-managed multistep order transmittal for electronic specialty prescriptions reduces represcribing burden in ambulatory clinics: A retrospective cohort pilot study. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. Jul 2022;28(7):778
• Owens W, Dial H, DeClercq J, et al. Specialty pharmacy integration and the role of an advanced certified pharmacy technician in prescription cannabidiol access. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). Nov-Dec 2022;62(6):1830-1835. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.07.006
• Penick T, Hawkins T, O'Reilly E, Maniyar H, Maier C, McPheeters C. Impact of embedding a pharmacist in a dermatology clinic on outcomes in a specialty pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). Sep 18 2022;doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.09.009
• Pulvermacher A, Nelson C. Benefits of developing a collaborative, outcomes-based specialty pharmacy program. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016; 73: 839-43. *
• Rough S, Shane R, Armitstead JA, et al. The high-value pharmacy enterprise framework: Advancing pharmacy practice in health systems through a consensus-based, strategic approach. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(6):498-510. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa431. *
• Shah R, Hendrickson S, Fanucchi L, Lofwall M, Platt T, Rhudy C. Utility of an integrated health system specialty pharmacy in provision of extended-release buprenorphine for patients with opioid use disorder. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Sep 23 2022;doi:10.1093
• Stevenson JG, McCabe D, McGrath M, McBride A. Pharmacist biosimilar survey reveals knowledge gaps. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). Nov 4 2022;doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.11.001
• Stroedecke N, Lee J, Stutsky M, et al. Implementation of an integrated pharmacist collaborative care model in specialty disease state clinics. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Nov 7 2022;79(22):2047-2052. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac209
• Summerlin CM, Vest MH, Valgus JM, Deyo ZM, Alexander MD, Waldron KM. Development and implementation of a standardized process for identifying ambulatory pharmacy clinical outcomes measures. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Oct 21 2022;doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac301
• Zuckerman AD, Shah NB, Peter ME, Jolly JA, Kelley TN. Development, implementation, and evaluation of a health outcomes and research program at an integrated health-system specialty pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(11):972-981. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zx. *
• Zuckerman AD, Whelchel K, Kozlicki M, et al. Health-system specialty pharmacy role and outcomes: A review of current literature. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Oct 21 2022;79(21):1906-1918. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac212
• Stubbings J, Pedersen Ca, Low K, Chen D. ASHP national survey of health-system specialty pharmacy practice 2020. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2021 Sep 22;78(19):1765-91. *
• Abramowitz PW. Future directions in specialty pharmacy. Am J Health System Pharm. 2021 Sep 22;78(19):1743-4.